Political Will For Renewable Energy

Our analysis strongly suggests that the costs of WWS(Wind,Water,Sun) will be competitive with traditional sources. Meanwhile, certain forms of energy WWS will be significantly more expensive than fossil energy. Some combination of WWS, subsidies and carbon taxes, therefore, be necessary for a while. One type of production premium Feed-inTariff (FIT) to cover the difference between the cost of generation and the wholesale price of electricity is particularly effective in helping new renewable technologies. Combining FIT with an auction sale to lower prices, in which the right to sell power to the system is granted to the lowest bidders, provides continuing incentive for WWS developers to lower costs. As this happens, FITs can be reduced gradually. FITs have been implemented in a number of large European countries and in some U.S. states and have been quite successful in stimulating solar energy in Germany.

 Taxing fossil fuels or use to reflect their ecological damage also makes sense. But at least the fossil energy subsidies, such as tax benefits for exploration and extraction, should be removed to level the match. A misguided promotion of less desirable alternatives such as agricultural subsidies and biofuels production, should end because it delays the implementation of clean energy systems. Meanwhile, the development of appropriate policies by lawmakers must find ways to resist pressure to be produced by the currently established energy industries.

 Finally, each nation must be willing to invest in a robust transmission system solid, and long distance that can transport large quantities of WWS power from remote regions where it is often greater, such as in the U.S. Great Plains in the caseof the wind, and the case of desert Southwest for solar energy,to the consumption centers, usually in cities. Reducing consumer demand during peak periods also requires an intelligent network that give to the generators and consumers much more control over the use of electricity for hours.
 

Large scale wind, water and solar energy system reliably, can  provide the world's needs significantly, which will benefit the climate, the air quality, water quality, ecology and energy. As we have shown, the obstacles are primarily political, not technical. The combination of the FIT and incentives to service providers to reduce costs, eliminating subsidies to fossil fuels and a smart grid sufficiently enlarged, could be enough to ensure rapid deployment. Of course, changes in the power system and transportation industries will originate  the investments in infrastructure that will be compensated with time.
 

 But with sensible policies, countries could set a goal of generating 25 percent of its new power supply with WWS sources in 10 to 15 years and almost 100 percent of the new supply in 20 to 30 years. With more aggressive policies could theoretically withdraw all existing fossil fuel capacity and replaced in the same period, but in a more modest, probably full system replacement, into non-fossil, can last between 40 to 50 years. Either way, clear leadership is needed, or nations continue using technologies promoted by industries rather than those promoted by scientists and other researchers and environmentalists.
 

A decade ago, it was not clear that global WWS system would be technically or economically viable. Having shown that it is possible, we hope that world leaders have political will for renewable energy and can learn how to make this project WWS politically feasible. They can start by committing to achieve  reduction emissions targets to curb the  climate change and promote green technologies and make the renewable energy feasible.

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Renewable energy as cheap as coal

The renewable energy WWS (Wind, Water, Sun), combination and usage in the plan would provide reliably the residential sector, and the commercial, industrial and  transportation sector too. The next question is: would  be profitable to make the change, compared to the current system of fossil fuels? 

 For each technology is calculated how much cost  each producer to generate and transmit energy through the network. Is included the annualized cost of capital, lands, operations and maintenance, energy storage to compensate for deviations of intermittent supply, and transmission. Today the cost of wind energy, hydro and geothermal are less than seven 7 cents per kilowatt-hour (¢ / kWh), while marine and solar energy  are higher. But from 2020 onwards are expected to wind, wave and hydroenergy  are in the 4 ¢ / kWh or less.

 

For comparison, the average cost in the U.S. in 2007 of conventional power generation and transmission, was 7 ¢ / kWh, and projections are for 8 ¢ / kWh in 2020. Wind power, for example, costs the same or less than you do from a new natural gas plant, or coal and in the future is expected that wind power is the least expensive of all options. The competitive cost of wind currently has made it  ¡ the second largest source ! of new electricity generation plants in the United States during the past three years, behind natural gas and ahead of coal.

The solar energy, as photovoltaic  as well solar thermal concentration energy, is in the present, relatively expensive, but now is clean and efficient energy and it will be competitive by 2020. A careful analysis performed by Vasilis Fthenakis Brookhaven from National Laboratory indicates that within 10 years, the costs and adventages of photovoltaics energy could be placed about 10 ¢ / kWh, including long-distance transmission and storage cost compressed air to use at night. Similarly, analysis of the estimates of solar thermal systems with enough thermal storage to generate electricity 24 hours a day in the spring, summer and fall, indicating that it could provide electricity to 10 ¢ / kWh or less on that date.

 

Transportation in a environment WWS world will be determined by batteries or fuel cell , so we  should compare the economics of these electric vehicles with vehicle internal combustion engine. Detailed analyzes made ​​by one of  (Delucchi) and Tim Lipman of the University of California, Berkeley, said that mass production of electric vehicles with advanced batteries of lithium ion or  nickel metal hydride batteries, could have a cost per mile or km along his life (including battery replacements), comparable to the gasoline vehicle, when gasoline is sold at more than $ 2 per gallon.

When taking into account the so-called external costs (the monetary value of damage to human health, the environment and climate) of fossil fuels in transportation; the WWS technologies are even more competitive.The overall construction cost of a WWS system would be around $ 100 billion worldwide, in 20 years, not including the  transmissions costs. But this money is no distributed among all governments and consumers. Besides this investment is repaid through the sale of electricity and energy.And once again we must remember that if we depend on traditional sources, would suppose going from 11.5 to 16.9 TW, requiring thousands more of these plants, at a cost of about $ 10 billion, not to mention tens of billions of dollars more in health, environment and safety.The new plan and renovator of WWS gives to world a new, clean and efficient energy instead of an old, dirty, and inefficient energy system.

In the next article we will continue with Political will for renewable energy

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Sustainability Renewable Energy

A new energy infrastructure must provide energy at least as reliable as the existing infrastructure. WWS(Wind,Water,Sun) technologies generally suffer less downtime than traditional sources. Coal plants in the USA are on average 12.5% year offline for scheduled and unscheduled maintenance. Modern wind turbines have a down time of less than 2 percent on land and less than 5% offshore.

Photovoltaic systems also are stop less than 2 percent. Furthermore, when a wind turbine, solar or  inverter is not working, only a small part of the installation is affected and its loss is a small fraction of production; moreover when a plant loses the connection; a  gas natural plant   or coal, or nuclear, this makes it loses a large part of the production.

One of the major problems facing energy supply systems is the difficulty and cost of storing energy during periods of low demand for use during peak demand, this is especially relevant in the case of renewable energy, so that they can be a realistic alternative to the energy obtained from conventional fossil fuel. For example, wind turbines depend of the existence of wind, a certain intensity, to produce energy, but the wind does not understand of demand seasonal or rolling load, so there are situations in which the electrical production exceeds the demand and others in which the opposite occurs. This also applies to a greater or lesser degree, to other renewables energies.

  The main challenge of the WWS, is that the wind does not always blow and the sun does not always shine in a particular location. Intermittent problems can be mitigated by a smart balance of sources, such as generating base with geothermal energy and tidal wave energy or energy storage. The wind energy is often abundant at night when there is no sun, or the sun during the day when may be no wind. Sometimes a reliable source like hydropower can connect or disconnect quickly to meet peak demand or reduce supply. Also in case of having pumping can be stored.

Another example of green energy technology is wind parks that are only 100 to 200 miles away can compensate zero hours of power from other wind parks where there is no wind. Also useful is the interconnection of geographically distant sources that can support one another, installing smart electric meters in homes that automatically recharge electric vehicles when demand is low or delivering electricity to the grid when they are loaded and stopped.

In the next article we will continue with Renewable energy as cheap as coal



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Obstacles and Solutions for Renewable Energy Materials

The renewable energy sector even with obstacles is one area where materials play and continue to play, a key role in finding solutions to the needs of the future, both from the perspective of active agents in the treatment of renewable energy materials  as  the manufacture, installation and operation of infrastructure support.

The growing importance of the environment in power generation, conservation, storage and security of supply are the main pitfalls of materials technology that  must be solve. The high priority of the renewable energy sector makes it equally important to continue research, development and modeling of materials for energy applications that contribute to the production and use of sustainable energy, but at the same time meeting the socioeconomic and environmental objectives that are proposed mainly from the European Union as a political "202020".

The scale of the infrastructure WWS(Wind,Water,Sun) is not a barrier . But a few materials needed to build, could be scarce or be  subject to price manipulation.There are enough cement and steel for the millions of wind turbines and both products are fully recyclable. The most problematic materials may be rare earth metals such as neodymium used in gearboxes  for wind turbines. Manufacturers are moving toward Gearless turbines, so this limitation may become moot.

Photovoltaic cells depend on the crystalline or amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride or copper indium selenide and sulfide. The limited supply of tellurium and indium could reduce the prospects of some types of thin-film solar cells, but not all, the other type could lead to fill the unused space. The large scale of  materials production  could be restricted by the silver that require cells to conduct electricity, but it could face in finding ways to reduce the silver content. The recycling of old cell parts could also improve the difficulties of materials.

About the amorphous silicon we can say that definitely silicon technology thrives in the market thanks to the fame of being cheaper and therefore able to help to resolve the problem financing of photovoltaic plants, to be competitive. But amorphous silicon is not only a solution economic, also is technology. Their technical characteristics, carried to any project, represent a substantial improvement in profitability.The experience, and the application of the calculation parameters, produce results of energy generated per installed kW, giving a turn to traditional computing. The end result is that amorphous silicon also get more energy at end of year.

Are drowning the voices that warned of loss efficiency  amorphous silicon panels,because  many manufacturers assuming identical warranty conditions than silicon crystalline. Not long ago all manufacturers of this reputation technologies were foreigners,many countries of East and reputation not established and, of course, experience with this technology was not enough to entrust such long-term investment in suppliers that could disappear along with their supposed guarantees. Turns out, time passes, evidence are produced,the ends are tied of the guarantees and certifications, tests the efficiency losses with the modules in the sun and it is concluded that the technology is mature.That day has arrived for silicon technology amorphous, this technology is promising.

 
Recent researchs  from Ohio State University facing possible to check that the addition of silver nanoparticles to the polymer that would increase the current power generation capacity of semiconductor materials, this discovery could reduce the costs and investments and improve efficiency of solar panels.

Note: In the next articles we'll talk in more detail about this new discovery.

Three components could represent challenges for the manufacture of millions of electric cars: rare earth for electric motor, lithium for lithium-ion batteries, and platinum for fuel batteries. More than half of the world's lithium reserves are in Bolivia and Chile. This concentration, combined with rapidly growing demand, could raise prices significantly. More problematic is the notice given by Meridian International Research that not enough economically recoverable lithium to build the number of batteries needed in a global economy of electric vehicles.

Recycling could change the equation, but the economics of recycling depend in part on whether the batteries are made with easy recycling in mind, a question of what the industry is aware. The long-term use of platinum also depends on recycling, the current available reserves could sustain annual production of 20 million fuel batteries vehicles, along with existing industrial uses, at least for 100 years.

In the next article we will continue with  Intelligent mix of renewable energy for sustainable

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Renewable Energy Supplies

Today the maximum power consumed in the world at any given moment is about 12.5 trillion watts (terawatts or TW), according to the Energy Information Agency of the U.S. EIA. The agency projects that in 2030 the world will require 16.9 TW of power due to increasing population and living standards globally, with about 2.8 TW in the United States.The mixture of sources provided would be similar to that of today, and depend heavily on fossil fuels. If, however, the planet was completely moved by  alternate energy technologies, WWS (Wind, Water, Sun) would not have burning fossil fuels or biomass, and there would be savings in primary energy consumption.Renewable. Energy Supplies is probably the solution nearest.

Global demand for energy would be reduced to only 11.5 TW, and U.S. demand would be 1.8 TW. This decrease occurs because, in most cases, the electrification is a more efficient way of using energy. For example, only between 17% and 20% of the energy in gasoline is converted into mechanical energy to move the vehicle (the rest is wasted as heat), while 75 to 86% of the electricity delivered by the electric vehicle battery,in  movement becomes. Consider also that in the production of electricity from power plants, over 60% of the fuel energy is lost as heat that goes to the atmófera. The same applies to the transport where all engines are thermal.

Although demand would be increased to 16.9 TW, WWS sources could provide this energy, in fact the potential supply of renewable forms of energy is huge. Detailed studies by several investigators indicate that the potential energy of the wind, worldwide, is about 1,700 TW. The solar photovoltaic and solar thermal, reach 6,500 TW. It is clear that, wind and sun is available on the open seas, over mountains high compared to all protected areas which would not be so availables. If we subtract these and other areas where there is little wind, we are still left with 40 to 85 TW for wind and 580 TW for solar, well ahead of any future demand. Currently we generate only 0.02 TW of wind power and 0.008 TW of solar. As seen these sources contain an incredible amount of untapped potential.

The other WWS technologies help to create a flexible and wide range of options. Although all renewable sources can expand greatly in practice, the wave power can be extract only in coastal areas. Many geothermal sources are too deep to be tapped from the economic standpoint. And although hydroelectric now exceeds all other WWS sources, large reservoirs suitable are already in operation.

 The PLAN: We need renewable energy plants at all.

Clearly, there are enough usable renewable energy. How can we make the transition to a new infrastructure to provide the world with 11.5 TW? We opted for a mix of technologies emphasizing wind and solar energies, with about 9% of demand supplied by hydropower. (Other combinations of wind and solar could be equally appropriate).

Wind  energy would provide 51 percent of demand (5.75 TW), provided by 3.8 million large wind turbines (each approximately five megawatts) worldwide. While that number may seem high, it is interesting that the world manufactures 73 million cars and light trucks each year. Another 40 percent of the energy would come from photovoltaic and solar thermal power plants of concentration. The PV(photovoltaic) would supply 30 percent.

It would take approximately 89,000 photovoltaic plants in roof and soil, as well as concentrating solar thermal power plants with an average of 300 megawatts each. Our mix also includes 900 hydroelectric plants worldwide, 70 percent of which are already installed.Only about 0.8 percent of wind power above (5.75 TW) is installed as of today. To get an idea of ​​the area occupied by all turbines in the world, that is, 3.8 million turbines would occupy less than 50 km2 (less than the area of ​​Manhattan). The space they occupy could be used, however for farming or ranching.


Alternative energy power plants as photovoltaic power plants installed in the ground and concentrated solar power plants would occupy about 0.33 percent of the Earth's land. The creation of such plants is an extensive infrastructure that will take time. But this time was  also required to build the current system with  centrals  and networks. And  remember that if we continue with fossil fuels, demand will increase to 16.9 TW in the 2030 instead of the 11.5 TW, that requiring about 13,000 new coal-fired power plants or natural gas, which would occupy more land, and mining and pipelines to supply.

In the next article we will continue with the Obstacles and Solutions for Renewable Energy Materials

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Only clean and renewable technologies

Renewable energy comes from sources seductive:wind, which also produces waves, water, which includes hydroelectric, tidal and geothermal energy (water heated by hot rocks); sun, which includes photovoltaic energy generation and solar thermal which focus sunlight to heat a fluid that drives a turbine to generate electricity. The plan(By Mark Z. Jacobson (Stanford University) and Mark a. Delucchi (Univ. California-Davis).) includes only technologies currently in operation or are close today's large-scale production, rather than those that may need 20 or 30 years of preparation from today.

To ensure that the energy system  would remain clean, must be considered only alternative power generation technologies that have near zero emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants during their entire life cycle, including construction, operation and decommissioning. For example, when burned in vehicles, including most of ethanol ecological sources of air pollution created which causes the same level of mortality when burned gasoline.

Nuclear power produces up to 25 times more carbon dioxide emissions than wind energy, when considering the construction and enrichment of uranium and transport. Carbon capture and sequestration technology can reduce carbon dioxide emissions from power plants, but will increase the emission of air pollutants and will extend to all the other harmful effects of mining, transport and processing of coal, because they have to use
more coal to meet energy demand of the capture and storage stages.

Also consider only alternate power technologies that do not present risk waste disposal or to be used for terrorism.

As a good example the geothermal energy:

Advantages of geothermal energy:

1. A friendly energy environment. It is a renewable energy since takes advantage of the heat stored in the earth by solar radiation, is inexhaustible. The emission of CO2 is lower, since without performing any combustion process.

2. Minimizes energy dependence.

3. A perfect energy for residential use. The geothermal pump can be installed inside the house without requiring any ventilation. This makes more lasting in time to not suffer the same wear  that a machine installed outdoors.

4. Reduces the cost. It is a system of both economic and energy savings.

Countries that are looking for better development with this geothermal energy system have a long way in the development of this great renewable energy source. Currently it is estimated that for conditioning and production hot water, there are very few thermal megawatts installed in each country. That is nothing, or almost nothing, compared to alternative fuels. Especially for the great ignorance that exists about geothermal energy and they don't know that this source can cover 75% of energy needs that will require housing in lifetime. The investment is amortized to pay for five or ten years , thereby preventing further rise over the light for the fifth consecutive year.

  

Certainly geothermal energy is an investment, but it must  be amortized within 10 years. We will not hide a reality. Using geothermal generation is  more expensive that build a boiler. Perforations are priced by the difficulties of drilling, insert a test, etc, filled with special mortar. It's like if  gas fee should be charged to the cost of the pipeline to house. But the reality is that these holes will provide in a perfectly designed system, 75 percent of the energy demand housing in lifetime, and the price will be fixed because it pays the initial day. 

In the plan, WWS(Wind,Water,Sun) would supply electricity for heating and transport (industries that would be renewed if the world has any hope of slowing climate change). They assumed that more fossil fuels (as well as heating and stoves) can be replaced by renewable energy systems and more vehicles  with fossil fuels can be replaced by battery electric vehicles and fuel cells. The hydrogen produced by electrolysis with electricity's  WWS, is the food that supply the fuel cells to produce electricity in industry and would be used in aircraft engines.

In the next article we will be continue with this subjects and  talking about  the Obstacles and Solutions for Renewable Energy Materials


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Cheap Renewable Energy In Full By Year 2030

Note:Here begin a series of seven articles related to the possibility that the entire electricity consumption can proceed entirely from renewable energy by the 2030 year.

Introduction
The future plan to optimize the use of cheap renewable energy in the world the next 20 years would consist to build four million wind turbines of  5 MW, 1,700 million  photovoltaic roofs of 3 kW, 90,000 solar plants of 300 MW (including both solar photovoltaic as solar thermal), plus a small portion of geothermal, wave energy and tide.

The calculations leave out biomass (because of pollution and land occupation) and nuclear energy, as well as all non-renewable energy. Wind turbines are larger than those currently operating, even  have been built some wind farms with turbines of 5 MW.

Cheap renewable energy can provide 100 per cent of the world's energy, eliminating all fossil fuels. By Mark Z. Jacobson (Stanford University) and Mark a. Delucchi (Univ. California-Davis).Wind energy and solar energy in the right places would reduce the energy consumed in the world. The authors reject biofuels and nuclear energy. The authors plan requires large 3.8 million of 5 MW wind turbines, 90,000 solar thermal and photovoltaic installations and numerous geothermal, tidal energy and solar roofs worldwide.The cost of generating and transmitting power energy would be less than the projected cost per kilowat- hour of fossil fuels and nuclear energy. There are limitations in shortage of some special materials, together with the lack of political will, appear as major obstacles.
 
In previous years, leaders from around the world gathered in Copenhagen to try to reach an agreement on reducing emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases that have been increased for decades. The most effective way to fulfill that goal would be a huge change from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. If leaders could have confidence that such  transformation is possible, can undertake to an historic agreement,It's possible they will can do it.

 A few years ago former Vice President Al Gore threw a glove:off and back to turn on America with 100% CO2-free electricity within ¡¡10 years !!. The viability of this change was evaluated and take an even greater challenge: to determine how 100 percent of the energy consumed worldwide, for all purposes, could be supplied by wind, water and sun, as early as in 2030.Scientists have been accumulating pieces until present,so that in less than a decade, analyzing different parts of the challenge, the objetive can be achieved; therefore the target to have 100% cheapest renewable energy.

More recently, in 2009, a study by Stanford University ranked energy systems according to their impacts on global warming, pollution, water supply, land use, wildlife and other problems. The best options were, in order, wind, solar, geothermal, tidal and hydroelectric power - all of which are powered by wind, water or sunlight (known by the acronym  WWS).Nuclear power, coal with CO2 capture and ethanol were the worst options, as well as oil and natural gas. The study also found that battery-electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel, could largely eliminate pollution in the transport sector.

This plan to reduce energy waste requires millions of wind turbines, small hydro plants of low environmental impact and solar energy, both photovoltaic and solar thermal. The numbers are large, but the scale is not an insurmountable obstacle, our society  has achieved massive transformations before. An example;during World War II, the United States finished adapting automobile factories to produce 300,000 aircraft, and other countries produced 486,000 aircraft. In 1956, the U.S. began the creation of the state highway system, which 35 years later were extended to 47,000 miles, changing commerce and society, after all. it's  possible make it with the everyone's effort.

Is it possible to transform the world's energy systems and reduce energy consumption? Could be done in almost two decades? The answers depend of the chosen technologies, availability of critical materials,technological advances of the renewable energy and economic factors and political efforts.In following  articles we'll talk more opportunely each of  these aspects.

In the next article  we will continue to speak about:  Only Clean and Renewable Technologies

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