Sustainability Renewable Energy

A new energy infrastructure must provide energy at least as reliable as the existing infrastructure. WWS(Wind,Water,Sun) technologies generally suffer less downtime than traditional sources. Coal plants in the USA are on average 12.5% year offline for scheduled and unscheduled maintenance. Modern wind turbines have a down time of less than 2 percent on land and less than 5% offshore.

Photovoltaic systems also are stop less than 2 percent. Furthermore, when a wind turbine, solar or  inverter is not working, only a small part of the installation is affected and its loss is a small fraction of production; moreover when a plant loses the connection; a  gas natural plant   or coal, or nuclear, this makes it loses a large part of the production.

One of the major problems facing energy supply systems is the difficulty and cost of storing energy during periods of low demand for use during peak demand, this is especially relevant in the case of renewable energy, so that they can be a realistic alternative to the energy obtained from conventional fossil fuel. For example, wind turbines depend of the existence of wind, a certain intensity, to produce energy, but the wind does not understand of demand seasonal or rolling load, so there are situations in which the electrical production exceeds the demand and others in which the opposite occurs. This also applies to a greater or lesser degree, to other renewables energies.

  The main challenge of the WWS, is that the wind does not always blow and the sun does not always shine in a particular location. Intermittent problems can be mitigated by a smart balance of sources, such as generating base with geothermal energy and tidal wave energy or energy storage. The wind energy is often abundant at night when there is no sun, or the sun during the day when may be no wind. Sometimes a reliable source like hydropower can connect or disconnect quickly to meet peak demand or reduce supply. Also in case of having pumping can be stored.

Another example of green energy technology is wind parks that are only 100 to 200 miles away can compensate zero hours of power from other wind parks where there is no wind. Also useful is the interconnection of geographically distant sources that can support one another, installing smart electric meters in homes that automatically recharge electric vehicles when demand is low or delivering electricity to the grid when they are loaded and stopped.

In the next article we will continue with Renewable energy as cheap as coal



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Obstacles and Solutions for Renewable Energy Materials

The renewable energy sector even with obstacles is one area where materials play and continue to play, a key role in finding solutions to the needs of the future, both from the perspective of active agents in the treatment of renewable energy materials  as  the manufacture, installation and operation of infrastructure support.

The growing importance of the environment in power generation, conservation, storage and security of supply are the main pitfalls of materials technology that  must be solve. The high priority of the renewable energy sector makes it equally important to continue research, development and modeling of materials for energy applications that contribute to the production and use of sustainable energy, but at the same time meeting the socioeconomic and environmental objectives that are proposed mainly from the European Union as a political "202020".

The scale of the infrastructure WWS(Wind,Water,Sun) is not a barrier . But a few materials needed to build, could be scarce or be  subject to price manipulation.There are enough cement and steel for the millions of wind turbines and both products are fully recyclable. The most problematic materials may be rare earth metals such as neodymium used in gearboxes  for wind turbines. Manufacturers are moving toward Gearless turbines, so this limitation may become moot.

Photovoltaic cells depend on the crystalline or amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride or copper indium selenide and sulfide. The limited supply of tellurium and indium could reduce the prospects of some types of thin-film solar cells, but not all, the other type could lead to fill the unused space. The large scale of  materials production  could be restricted by the silver that require cells to conduct electricity, but it could face in finding ways to reduce the silver content. The recycling of old cell parts could also improve the difficulties of materials.

About the amorphous silicon we can say that definitely silicon technology thrives in the market thanks to the fame of being cheaper and therefore able to help to resolve the problem financing of photovoltaic plants, to be competitive. But amorphous silicon is not only a solution economic, also is technology. Their technical characteristics, carried to any project, represent a substantial improvement in profitability.The experience, and the application of the calculation parameters, produce results of energy generated per installed kW, giving a turn to traditional computing. The end result is that amorphous silicon also get more energy at end of year.

Are drowning the voices that warned of loss efficiency  amorphous silicon panels,because  many manufacturers assuming identical warranty conditions than silicon crystalline. Not long ago all manufacturers of this reputation technologies were foreigners,many countries of East and reputation not established and, of course, experience with this technology was not enough to entrust such long-term investment in suppliers that could disappear along with their supposed guarantees. Turns out, time passes, evidence are produced,the ends are tied of the guarantees and certifications, tests the efficiency losses with the modules in the sun and it is concluded that the technology is mature.That day has arrived for silicon technology amorphous, this technology is promising.

 
Recent researchs  from Ohio State University facing possible to check that the addition of silver nanoparticles to the polymer that would increase the current power generation capacity of semiconductor materials, this discovery could reduce the costs and investments and improve efficiency of solar panels.

Note: In the next articles we'll talk in more detail about this new discovery.

Three components could represent challenges for the manufacture of millions of electric cars: rare earth for electric motor, lithium for lithium-ion batteries, and platinum for fuel batteries. More than half of the world's lithium reserves are in Bolivia and Chile. This concentration, combined with rapidly growing demand, could raise prices significantly. More problematic is the notice given by Meridian International Research that not enough economically recoverable lithium to build the number of batteries needed in a global economy of electric vehicles.

Recycling could change the equation, but the economics of recycling depend in part on whether the batteries are made with easy recycling in mind, a question of what the industry is aware. The long-term use of platinum also depends on recycling, the current available reserves could sustain annual production of 20 million fuel batteries vehicles, along with existing industrial uses, at least for 100 years.

In the next article we will continue with  Intelligent mix of renewable energy for sustainable

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Renewable Energy Supplies

Today the maximum power consumed in the world at any given moment is about 12.5 trillion watts (terawatts or TW), according to the Energy Information Agency of the U.S. EIA. The agency projects that in 2030 the world will require 16.9 TW of power due to increasing population and living standards globally, with about 2.8 TW in the United States.The mixture of sources provided would be similar to that of today, and depend heavily on fossil fuels. If, however, the planet was completely moved by  alternate energy technologies, WWS (Wind, Water, Sun) would not have burning fossil fuels or biomass, and there would be savings in primary energy consumption.Renewable. Energy Supplies is probably the solution nearest.

Global demand for energy would be reduced to only 11.5 TW, and U.S. demand would be 1.8 TW. This decrease occurs because, in most cases, the electrification is a more efficient way of using energy. For example, only between 17% and 20% of the energy in gasoline is converted into mechanical energy to move the vehicle (the rest is wasted as heat), while 75 to 86% of the electricity delivered by the electric vehicle battery,in  movement becomes. Consider also that in the production of electricity from power plants, over 60% of the fuel energy is lost as heat that goes to the atmófera. The same applies to the transport where all engines are thermal.

Although demand would be increased to 16.9 TW, WWS sources could provide this energy, in fact the potential supply of renewable forms of energy is huge. Detailed studies by several investigators indicate that the potential energy of the wind, worldwide, is about 1,700 TW. The solar photovoltaic and solar thermal, reach 6,500 TW. It is clear that, wind and sun is available on the open seas, over mountains high compared to all protected areas which would not be so availables. If we subtract these and other areas where there is little wind, we are still left with 40 to 85 TW for wind and 580 TW for solar, well ahead of any future demand. Currently we generate only 0.02 TW of wind power and 0.008 TW of solar. As seen these sources contain an incredible amount of untapped potential.

The other WWS technologies help to create a flexible and wide range of options. Although all renewable sources can expand greatly in practice, the wave power can be extract only in coastal areas. Many geothermal sources are too deep to be tapped from the economic standpoint. And although hydroelectric now exceeds all other WWS sources, large reservoirs suitable are already in operation.

 The PLAN: We need renewable energy plants at all.

Clearly, there are enough usable renewable energy. How can we make the transition to a new infrastructure to provide the world with 11.5 TW? We opted for a mix of technologies emphasizing wind and solar energies, with about 9% of demand supplied by hydropower. (Other combinations of wind and solar could be equally appropriate).

Wind  energy would provide 51 percent of demand (5.75 TW), provided by 3.8 million large wind turbines (each approximately five megawatts) worldwide. While that number may seem high, it is interesting that the world manufactures 73 million cars and light trucks each year. Another 40 percent of the energy would come from photovoltaic and solar thermal power plants of concentration. The PV(photovoltaic) would supply 30 percent.

It would take approximately 89,000 photovoltaic plants in roof and soil, as well as concentrating solar thermal power plants with an average of 300 megawatts each. Our mix also includes 900 hydroelectric plants worldwide, 70 percent of which are already installed.Only about 0.8 percent of wind power above (5.75 TW) is installed as of today. To get an idea of ​​the area occupied by all turbines in the world, that is, 3.8 million turbines would occupy less than 50 km2 (less than the area of ​​Manhattan). The space they occupy could be used, however for farming or ranching.


Alternative energy power plants as photovoltaic power plants installed in the ground and concentrated solar power plants would occupy about 0.33 percent of the Earth's land. The creation of such plants is an extensive infrastructure that will take time. But this time was  also required to build the current system with  centrals  and networks. And  remember that if we continue with fossil fuels, demand will increase to 16.9 TW in the 2030 instead of the 11.5 TW, that requiring about 13,000 new coal-fired power plants or natural gas, which would occupy more land, and mining and pipelines to supply.

In the next article we will continue with the Obstacles and Solutions for Renewable Energy Materials

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