Obstacles and Solutions for Renewable Energy Materials

The renewable energy sector even with obstacles is one area where materials play and continue to play, a key role in finding solutions to the needs of the future, both from the perspective of active agents in the treatment of renewable energy materials  as  the manufacture, installation and operation of infrastructure support.

The growing importance of the environment in power generation, conservation, storage and security of supply are the main pitfalls of materials technology that  must be solve. The high priority of the renewable energy sector makes it equally important to continue research, development and modeling of materials for energy applications that contribute to the production and use of sustainable energy, but at the same time meeting the socioeconomic and environmental objectives that are proposed mainly from the European Union as a political "202020".

The scale of the infrastructure WWS(Wind,Water,Sun) is not a barrier . But a few materials needed to build, could be scarce or be  subject to price manipulation.There are enough cement and steel for the millions of wind turbines and both products are fully recyclable. The most problematic materials may be rare earth metals such as neodymium used in gearboxes  for wind turbines. Manufacturers are moving toward Gearless turbines, so this limitation may become moot.

Photovoltaic cells depend on the crystalline or amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride or copper indium selenide and sulfide. The limited supply of tellurium and indium could reduce the prospects of some types of thin-film solar cells, but not all, the other type could lead to fill the unused space. The large scale of  materials production  could be restricted by the silver that require cells to conduct electricity, but it could face in finding ways to reduce the silver content. The recycling of old cell parts could also improve the difficulties of materials.

About the amorphous silicon we can say that definitely silicon technology thrives in the market thanks to the fame of being cheaper and therefore able to help to resolve the problem financing of photovoltaic plants, to be competitive. But amorphous silicon is not only a solution economic, also is technology. Their technical characteristics, carried to any project, represent a substantial improvement in profitability.The experience, and the application of the calculation parameters, produce results of energy generated per installed kW, giving a turn to traditional computing. The end result is that amorphous silicon also get more energy at end of year.

Are drowning the voices that warned of loss efficiency  amorphous silicon panels,because  many manufacturers assuming identical warranty conditions than silicon crystalline. Not long ago all manufacturers of this reputation technologies were foreigners,many countries of East and reputation not established and, of course, experience with this technology was not enough to entrust such long-term investment in suppliers that could disappear along with their supposed guarantees. Turns out, time passes, evidence are produced,the ends are tied of the guarantees and certifications, tests the efficiency losses with the modules in the sun and it is concluded that the technology is mature.That day has arrived for silicon technology amorphous, this technology is promising.

 
Recent researchs  from Ohio State University facing possible to check that the addition of silver nanoparticles to the polymer that would increase the current power generation capacity of semiconductor materials, this discovery could reduce the costs and investments and improve efficiency of solar panels.

Note: In the next articles we'll talk in more detail about this new discovery.

Three components could represent challenges for the manufacture of millions of electric cars: rare earth for electric motor, lithium for lithium-ion batteries, and platinum for fuel batteries. More than half of the world's lithium reserves are in Bolivia and Chile. This concentration, combined with rapidly growing demand, could raise prices significantly. More problematic is the notice given by Meridian International Research that not enough economically recoverable lithium to build the number of batteries needed in a global economy of electric vehicles.

Recycling could change the equation, but the economics of recycling depend in part on whether the batteries are made with easy recycling in mind, a question of what the industry is aware. The long-term use of platinum also depends on recycling, the current available reserves could sustain annual production of 20 million fuel batteries vehicles, along with existing industrial uses, at least for 100 years.

In the next article we will continue with  Intelligent mix of renewable energy for sustainable

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Renewable Energy Supplies

Today the maximum power consumed in the world at any given moment is about 12.5 trillion watts (terawatts or TW), according to the Energy Information Agency of the U.S. EIA. The agency projects that in 2030 the world will require 16.9 TW of power due to increasing population and living standards globally, with about 2.8 TW in the United States.The mixture of sources provided would be similar to that of today, and depend heavily on fossil fuels. If, however, the planet was completely moved by  alternate energy technologies, WWS (Wind, Water, Sun) would not have burning fossil fuels or biomass, and there would be savings in primary energy consumption.Renewable. Energy Supplies is probably the solution nearest.

Global demand for energy would be reduced to only 11.5 TW, and U.S. demand would be 1.8 TW. This decrease occurs because, in most cases, the electrification is a more efficient way of using energy. For example, only between 17% and 20% of the energy in gasoline is converted into mechanical energy to move the vehicle (the rest is wasted as heat), while 75 to 86% of the electricity delivered by the electric vehicle battery,in  movement becomes. Consider also that in the production of electricity from power plants, over 60% of the fuel energy is lost as heat that goes to the atmófera. The same applies to the transport where all engines are thermal.

Although demand would be increased to 16.9 TW, WWS sources could provide this energy, in fact the potential supply of renewable forms of energy is huge. Detailed studies by several investigators indicate that the potential energy of the wind, worldwide, is about 1,700 TW. The solar photovoltaic and solar thermal, reach 6,500 TW. It is clear that, wind and sun is available on the open seas, over mountains high compared to all protected areas which would not be so availables. If we subtract these and other areas where there is little wind, we are still left with 40 to 85 TW for wind and 580 TW for solar, well ahead of any future demand. Currently we generate only 0.02 TW of wind power and 0.008 TW of solar. As seen these sources contain an incredible amount of untapped potential.

The other WWS technologies help to create a flexible and wide range of options. Although all renewable sources can expand greatly in practice, the wave power can be extract only in coastal areas. Many geothermal sources are too deep to be tapped from the economic standpoint. And although hydroelectric now exceeds all other WWS sources, large reservoirs suitable are already in operation.

 The PLAN: We need renewable energy plants at all.

Clearly, there are enough usable renewable energy. How can we make the transition to a new infrastructure to provide the world with 11.5 TW? We opted for a mix of technologies emphasizing wind and solar energies, with about 9% of demand supplied by hydropower. (Other combinations of wind and solar could be equally appropriate).

Wind  energy would provide 51 percent of demand (5.75 TW), provided by 3.8 million large wind turbines (each approximately five megawatts) worldwide. While that number may seem high, it is interesting that the world manufactures 73 million cars and light trucks each year. Another 40 percent of the energy would come from photovoltaic and solar thermal power plants of concentration. The PV(photovoltaic) would supply 30 percent.

It would take approximately 89,000 photovoltaic plants in roof and soil, as well as concentrating solar thermal power plants with an average of 300 megawatts each. Our mix also includes 900 hydroelectric plants worldwide, 70 percent of which are already installed.Only about 0.8 percent of wind power above (5.75 TW) is installed as of today. To get an idea of ​​the area occupied by all turbines in the world, that is, 3.8 million turbines would occupy less than 50 km2 (less than the area of ​​Manhattan). The space they occupy could be used, however for farming or ranching.


Alternative energy power plants as photovoltaic power plants installed in the ground and concentrated solar power plants would occupy about 0.33 percent of the Earth's land. The creation of such plants is an extensive infrastructure that will take time. But this time was  also required to build the current system with  centrals  and networks. And  remember that if we continue with fossil fuels, demand will increase to 16.9 TW in the 2030 instead of the 11.5 TW, that requiring about 13,000 new coal-fired power plants or natural gas, which would occupy more land, and mining and pipelines to supply.

In the next article we will continue with the Obstacles and Solutions for Renewable Energy Materials

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Only clean and renewable technologies

Renewable energy comes from sources seductive:wind, which also produces waves, water, which includes hydroelectric, tidal and geothermal energy (water heated by hot rocks); sun, which includes photovoltaic energy generation and solar thermal which focus sunlight to heat a fluid that drives a turbine to generate electricity. The plan(By Mark Z. Jacobson (Stanford University) and Mark a. Delucchi (Univ. California-Davis).) includes only technologies currently in operation or are close today's large-scale production, rather than those that may need 20 or 30 years of preparation from today.

To ensure that the energy system  would remain clean, must be considered only alternative power generation technologies that have near zero emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants during their entire life cycle, including construction, operation and decommissioning. For example, when burned in vehicles, including most of ethanol ecological sources of air pollution created which causes the same level of mortality when burned gasoline.

Nuclear power produces up to 25 times more carbon dioxide emissions than wind energy, when considering the construction and enrichment of uranium and transport. Carbon capture and sequestration technology can reduce carbon dioxide emissions from power plants, but will increase the emission of air pollutants and will extend to all the other harmful effects of mining, transport and processing of coal, because they have to use
more coal to meet energy demand of the capture and storage stages.

Also consider only alternate power technologies that do not present risk waste disposal or to be used for terrorism.

As a good example the geothermal energy:

Advantages of geothermal energy:

1. A friendly energy environment. It is a renewable energy since takes advantage of the heat stored in the earth by solar radiation, is inexhaustible. The emission of CO2 is lower, since without performing any combustion process.

2. Minimizes energy dependence.

3. A perfect energy for residential use. The geothermal pump can be installed inside the house without requiring any ventilation. This makes more lasting in time to not suffer the same wear  that a machine installed outdoors.

4. Reduces the cost. It is a system of both economic and energy savings.

Countries that are looking for better development with this geothermal energy system have a long way in the development of this great renewable energy source. Currently it is estimated that for conditioning and production hot water, there are very few thermal megawatts installed in each country. That is nothing, or almost nothing, compared to alternative fuels. Especially for the great ignorance that exists about geothermal energy and they don't know that this source can cover 75% of energy needs that will require housing in lifetime. The investment is amortized to pay for five or ten years , thereby preventing further rise over the light for the fifth consecutive year.

  

Certainly geothermal energy is an investment, but it must  be amortized within 10 years. We will not hide a reality. Using geothermal generation is  more expensive that build a boiler. Perforations are priced by the difficulties of drilling, insert a test, etc, filled with special mortar. It's like if  gas fee should be charged to the cost of the pipeline to house. But the reality is that these holes will provide in a perfectly designed system, 75 percent of the energy demand housing in lifetime, and the price will be fixed because it pays the initial day. 

In the plan, WWS(Wind,Water,Sun) would supply electricity for heating and transport (industries that would be renewed if the world has any hope of slowing climate change). They assumed that more fossil fuels (as well as heating and stoves) can be replaced by renewable energy systems and more vehicles  with fossil fuels can be replaced by battery electric vehicles and fuel cells. The hydrogen produced by electrolysis with electricity's  WWS, is the food that supply the fuel cells to produce electricity in industry and would be used in aircraft engines.

In the next article we will be continue with this subjects and  talking about  the Obstacles and Solutions for Renewable Energy Materials


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